深入解析OpenAI的Function Calling:原理、應用與實踐

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  • 8分鐘
  • 2024-06-28

OpenAI的Function Calling功能是一項強大的工具,它使得開發者能夠通過自然語言調用預定義的函數。這篇文章將從what、why、how三個角度詳細介紹這一功能,並結合實際應用場景給出案例代碼和解釋。

什麼是Function Calling?

定義

Function Calling是OpenAI API的一項功能,允許開發者通過自然語言指令觸發預定義的函數。通過這種方式,我們可以將複雜的操作封裝在函數中,然後通過簡單的自然語言調用這些函數。

工作原理

Function Calling功能依賴於OpenAI模型的自然語言理解能力。開發者定義一組函數,並將這些函數的描述傳遞給模型。當用戶提供自然語言指令時,模型會解析這些指令並調用相應的函數。

為什麼使用Function Calling?

簡化複雜操作

Function Calling可以將複雜的操作封裝在簡單的函數調用中,使得用戶無需了解底層實現細節。例如,我們可以定義一個函數來查詢數據庫,然後通過自然語言指令調用該函數。

提高開發效率

通過Function Calling,開發者可以更快速地構建和擴展應用程序。我們只需定義好函數和描述,剩下的工作交給OpenAI模型來完成。

增強用戶體驗

Function Calling使得用戶可以通過自然語言與應用程序進行交互,提供更直觀和友好的用戶體驗。這在構建聊天機器人、虛擬助手等應用中尤為有用。

如何使用Function Calling?

定義函數

首先,我們需要定義要調用的函數,並為每個函數提供描述。這些描述將幫助模型理解函數的用途和參數。

functions.js
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export function getWeather(location) {
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// 假設這是一個查詢天氣的函數
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return `The weather in ${location} is sunny.`;
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}
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export function getNews(topic) {
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// 假設這是一個查詢新聞的函數
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return `Here are the latest news about ${topic}.`;
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}

配置API請求

在API請求中,我們需要傳遞函數描述和用戶輸入。模型將根據用戶輸入調用相應的函數。

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import { OpenAI } from "openai";
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import { getWeather, getNews } from "./functions";
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// 配置 OpenAI API
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const openai = new OpenAI({
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apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY,
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});
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// 定義函數映射
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const functions = {
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getWeather,
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getNews,
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};
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// 配置模型
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async function callOpenAIFunction(prompt) {
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const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
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model: "gpt-4-0613", // 使用支持 Function Calling 的模型
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messages: [
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{ role: "system", content: "You are a helpful assistant." },
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{ role: "user", content: prompt },
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],
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functions: [
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{
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name: "getWeather",
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description: "Get the current weather for a given location.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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location: {
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type: "string",
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description: "The name of the location to get the weather for.",
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},
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},
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required: ["location"],
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},
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},
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{
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name: "getNews",
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description: "Get the latest news for a given topic.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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topic: {
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type: "string",
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description: "The topic to get news about.",
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},
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},
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required: ["topic"],
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},
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},
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],
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});
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const message = response.choices[0].message;
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if (message.tool_calls) {
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for (const tool_call of message.tool_calls) {
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const functionName = tool_call.function.name;
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const functionToCall = functions[functionName];
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const functionArgs = JSON.parse(tool_call.function.arguments);
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const functionResult = functionToCall(...Object.values(functionArgs));
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console.log(
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`Function ${functionName} called with result: ${functionResult}`,
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);
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}
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} else {
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console.log(`Model response: ${message.content}`);
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}
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}
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// 調用示例
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callOpenAIFunction("Get the weather in New York.");
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callOpenAIFunction("Get the latest news about technology.");

實際應用場景

場景1:智能家居控制

在智能家居系統中,我們可以定義函數來控制各個設備,並通過自然語言指令進行控制。

functions.js
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export function turnOnLight(room) {
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return `Turning on the light in the ${room}.`;
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}
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export function setThermostat(temperature) {
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return `Setting thermostat to ${temperature} degrees.`;
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}
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// 配置 OpenAI API
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const openai = new OpenAI({
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apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY,
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});
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// 定義函數映射
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const functions = {
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turnOnLight,
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setThermostat,
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};
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// 配置模型
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async function callOpenAIFunction(prompt) {
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const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
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model: "gpt-4-0613", // 使用支持 Function Calling 的模型
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messages: [
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{ role: "system", content: "You are a helpful assistant." },
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{ role: "user", content: prompt },
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],
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functions: [
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{
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name: "turnOnLight",
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description: "Turn on the light in a specific room.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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room: {
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type: "string",
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description: "The name of the room to turn on the light.",
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},
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},
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required: ["room"],
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},
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},
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{
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name: "setThermostat",
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description: "Set the thermostat to a specific temperature.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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temperature: {
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type: "number",
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description: "The temperature to set the thermostat to.",
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},
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},
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required: ["temperature"],
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},
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},
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],
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});
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const message = response.choices[0].message;
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if (message.tool_calls) {
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for (const tool_call of message.tool_calls) {
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const functionName = tool_call.function.name;
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const functionToCall = functions[functionName];
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const functionArgs = JSON.parse(tool_call.function.arguments);
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const functionResult = functionToCall(...Object.values(functionArgs));
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console.log(
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`Function ${functionName} called with result: ${functionResult}`,
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);
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}
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} else {
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console.log(`Model response: ${message.content}`);
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}
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}
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// 調用示例
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callOpenAIFunction("Turn on the light in the living room.");
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callOpenAIFunction("Set the thermostat to 22 degrees.");

場景2:客戶支持

在客戶支持系統中,我們可以定義函數來處理常見問題,並通過自然語言指令進行調用。

functions.js
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export function checkOrderStatus(orderId) {
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return `Order ${orderId} is currently being processed.`;
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}
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export function cancelOrder(orderId) {
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return `Order ${orderId} has been cancelled.`;
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}
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// 配置 OpenAI API
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const openai = new OpenAI({
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apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY,
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});
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// 定義函數映射
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const functions = {
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checkOrderStatus,
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cancelOrder,
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};
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// 配置模型
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async function callOpenAIFunction(prompt) {
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const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
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model: "gpt-4-0613", // 使用支持 Function Calling 的模型
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messages: [
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{ role: "system", content: "You are a helpful assistant." },
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{ role: "user", content: prompt },
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],
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functions: [
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{
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name: "checkOrderStatus",
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description: "Check the status of an order.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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orderId: {
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type: "string",
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description: "The ID of the order to check.",
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},
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},
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required: ["orderId"],
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},
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},
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{
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name: "cancelOrder",
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description: "Cancel an order.",
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parameters: {
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type: "object",
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properties: {
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orderId: {
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type: "string",
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description: "The ID of the order to cancel.",
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},
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},
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required: ["orderId"],
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},
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},
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],
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});
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const message = response.choices[0].message;
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if (message.tool_calls) {
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for (const tool_call of message.tool_calls) {
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const functionName = tool_call.function.name;
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const functionToCall = functions[functionName];
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const functionArgs = JSON.parse(tool_call.function.arguments);
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const functionResult = functionToCall(...Object.values(functionArgs));
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console.log(
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`Function ${functionName} called with result: ${functionResult}`,
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);
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}
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} else {
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console.log(`Model response: ${message.content}`);
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}
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}
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// 調用示例
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callOpenAIFunction("Check the status of order 12345.");
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callOpenAIFunction("Cancel order 12345.");

最佳實踐

  1. 清晰的函數描述:確保每個函數的描述清晰明瞭,讓模型能夠準確理解函數的用途和參數。
  2. 適當的錯誤處理:在實際應用中,確保對可能的錯誤情況進行處理,如函數調用失敗或參數不正確。
  3. 持續優化:根據用戶反饋和使用情況,不斷優化函數和描述,提高模型的準確性和用戶體驗。

結論

OpenAI的Function Calling功能通過將自然語言指令與預定義函數結合,簡化了複雜操作,提高了開發效率,並增強了用戶體驗。無論是在智能家居、客戶支持還是其他應用場景中,Function Calling都能提供強大的支持。